The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on the United...

The impact of global financial crisis on the United Kingdom Introduction This report will examine the affects of the global financial crisis, which was a result of the collapse of the sub-prime mortgage market in the United States, on the UK economy. First of all, it will look at the background of the global financial crisis. Secondly, this paper will analyses why the UK economy has been influenced by the global financial crisis, what effects of the financial crisis on the United Kingdom have been, especially labour market. Lastly, brief conclusions will be drawn and a number of recommendations will be made. * Outline Financial crisis is a sharp deterioration of a group of financial indicators, such as business and financial†¦show more content†¦Thus, when interest rates rose in 2007, most of banks could not put cash back because more and more homeowners with mortgages were forced to default, and they also could not borrow money from wholesale market because others were involved in the same situation. Lastly, although Bob Bennett, the finance director, said ‘the credit crunch that was obviously coming should have led to more restrained [mortgage] volumes.’ in February 2007, managers of banks did not believe that rising interest rates would affect lending (Brummer, 2008, p.10). Moreover, another reason is the changing of the UK economic structure. From 1945, significant sectors were run by the state, because the Labour Government stated that the economy must be centrally managed. However, it was a big challenge for the local government to run them efficiently because of a limited budget. In order to solve this problem, Conservative governments transferred some state industries to private sectors from 1979 to 1997. After that, the Labour Government also accepted privatization. Nowadays, there is a free market economy in the United Kingdom (Oakland, 2006). That means the UK government plays a neutral role in its administration and legislation of economic activity. It was so difficult for companies, especially for the private sector, to deal with the negative effects of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Furthermore, It is no wonder that the UK government should takeShow MoreRelatedThe contemporary Great Recession and the global financial crisis1032 Wor ds   |  5 Pagessubprime crisis in 2007 that it is commonly believed to have led to the Great recession and to the present global financial crisis, these issues have been subject to much research. In fact, no one can claim that the Great Recession and the global financial crisis have been under-researched. In fact, the new world recession has been analysed from different angles and perspectives. Historians, economists, financial experts, psychologists, anthropologists and other experts in academic, financial, economicRead MoreCorporate Governance General Review1775 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefits, which cannot be ignored. Global financial crisis and companies collapsing caused of a weak governance system have spotlighted the need of improving corporate governance. The crises has pushed countries to issues regulations in order to protect financial markets such as Sarbanes-Oxley 2002 in United States of America and Higgs report 2003 in United Kingdom presenting quick respond on fina ncial crisis and failures of corporate governance. 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Monetary policy affects the aggregate demand by altering the supply or cost of money. One of which

Comparison of Another Culture - 1068 Words

Comparison of Another Culture Ronna Cassady NURS 321 Japan is a very respectful country and honors their elders. They will do what they are told without a doubt. They have an honor system and respect each other in many ways, as I will explain to you. Their food base is mainly from the sea, being that they are a bunch of scattered islands surrounded by the sea. The sea is basically a lifeline for them that is why their most popular servings are fish and rice. In Japan a greeting is a very big deal, if not greeted in the correct manner there will be some issues. It is Japanese tradition that you bow to whom you are meeting. It shows respect and in some cases if you want to apologize it is an apologetic gesture. When greeting someone†¦show more content†¦The Japanese healthcare system provides free screening examinations for certain diseases, infectious disease control and prenatal care. This healthcare is provided by both the local and the national governments. Payments for personal medical services are offered through an insurance system called universal healthcare. This system provides equality of access, along with fees that are set by a particular government committee. Medical practice includes sophisticated biomedical research facilities and advanced training of physicians. An extensive system of national health insurance provides access to high quality health care for almost all people through a combination of public hospitals and physicians in private practice. East Asian medical traditions, including herbal therapy, acupuncture, and moxibustion, are widely practiced and incorporated into popular and professional medical conceptions of health and illness. Traditional East Asian medicine is based on holistic principles that view the human organism in terms of its integration with the social and physical environment. The goal of these treatments is to restore or enhance flows of energy within the body and between the human body and its environment. Foods, weather conditions, types of activity, human relations, and organs of the body are regarded as possessing varying qualities of energy,Show MoreRelatedKinship Is Used For Cross Cultural Comparison1519 Words   |  7 Pageseffectively shows that there is a disadvantage among kinship being used for cross-cultural comparison because interdependency tends to be found among many different groups regardless of their kinship models. Therefore because kinship exists in all cultures, and all cultures have interdependency in order for the relationships to function, it makes it easier to compare various cultures. 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This may not be an issue in the camera industry, but a hamburger company entering India would definitely

Air Traffic Control Free Essays

The National Airspace System of the U. S is one difficult system to work with today. It consists of thousands of people, procedures, facilities and equipment, which, enables for safe travel across the United States and over great portions of the world’s major oceans. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Traffic Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entire system consists upwards of about 5000 air traffic controllers, and over 10000 safety inspectors and technicians. All together, there’s about 41,000 facilities within the system and over 71,000 pieces of equipment like radar. Over 50000 flights use the NAS everyday. As one can see, the NAS is extremely important. One may ask what it has to do with NEXTGEN of which I am writing. NEXTGEN itself is a name given to a new NAS that will be implemented in stages around the U. S between the years of 2012 and 2025. The air transportation system around the U. S will be undergoing major transformations. What’s the point of the transformation the FAA is having the U. S going through? Mainly, it’s to reduce major gridlock not only in the air, but in the airports as well. The NEXTGEN has been undergoing its formation ever since 2003 by JDPO which was established by the U. S congress. Lately, the Air Transportation System of the U. S has been undergoing increasing stress. This will only lead to more costly delays of flights, and thus creating concerns of flight safety and then degrading even further the U. S ATS. Mainly, NEXTGEN is a transformation of the ENTIRE NAS, not only bits and pieces of it. It’s to meet any future demands and help avoid gridlock of traffic. NEXTGEN â€Å"moves away from legacy ground based technologies to new and more dynamic satellite-based technology. The new capabilities and the highly interdependent technologies aim to change the way that the system operates, reduce congestion, and improve passengers’ experiences. Throughout the paper the NEXTGEN will broken down and dissected until we know it through and through. The NEXTGEN consists of several different elements such as ADS-B, SWIM, NNEW and NVS. Starting with the ADS-B also known as automatic dependent surveillance broadcast. The ADS-B is going to use GPS to help pilots and ATC to separate planes and not only in th e sky, but on the ground as well. The GPS will paint a more accurate picture to see other planes in the area. The transponders in the aircrafts will receive the GPS signals and will thus use them to see the precise location of the aircraft. The data will then be broadcast to other aircraft and ATC, and for the first time will see a real time display of other traffic. Later on down the road the FAA will mandate what kinds of avionics are necessary to implement the ADS-B. The FAA will require that all aircraft will need to be equipped with it by no later than Jan 2020. The ADS-B is going to bring many new safety features in and out of the airplane. Within the aircraft, a pilot can bring up information about aircraft surrounding his, with details such as heading, speed etc. It will also show the pilot about terrain and any weather that may be headed his/her way, and what seems to be more importantly, it’s free. Next, the NEXTGEN consists of SWIM, System Wide Information Management. â€Å"SWIM will provide a single infrastructure and information management system to deliver high quality, timely data to many users and applications. † SWIM is going to rid NAS of any repetitiveness so the users may use the information more efficiently. It also allows for the information to become more easily accessible. Euro control first pitched the SWIM to the FAA 14 years ago, and since then, it’s been under development. However it’s not only a concept that’s going to be implemented within NEXTGEN, but Europe’s research facility is also trying to implement the same thing. The main improvement that SWIM will bring to NEXTGEN is it will create an increase in situational awareness, which, in the air, is important. How it’s possible is the fact that the information provided to all positions (ATC, pilots etc) is consistent. Next is the NNEW, Next Generation Enabled Weather. As earlier stated, NEXTGEN is used to help create less delays for flights, which thus cost money for the airlines. This element of NEXTGEN will help reduce the delays of airlines because of the fact that about 70 % of all delays are related to weather in some way. It’s predicted that NNEW will quite possible reduce the amount of weather related delays in half of what it already is. All the different ways a person can gather weather (weather towers, airborne, in space) will all be combined into one source and will update it every hour in real time. Like it has been seen, receiving common information is the key to improving the airlines’ performance and safety, and NNEW is no different. NNEW will give a common picture of weather across the nation making it easier for pilots to make the decision whether or not to fly at that particular point in time. More impressively, the NNEW is making to create not a 3-D picture, but a 4D weather data cube (lateral, vertical time dimensions). Not only will this create an increase in flight safety, but it will allow more planes to get off the ground because they thought the weather would be poor, thus increasing airspace capacity. Lastly, there’s the NVS, NAS voice switch. There’s plenty of voice switches within the NAS, in fact there’s over 17 different switches. With some being active for more than two decades, NVS is planning on making things a little bit easier all for the sake of performance by creating air/ground and ground/ground communications. The NVS is set to be put in place to help controllers that may be overworked in their areas particular â€Å"on† season. It will allow airspaces to be reconfigured due to workload of other airspaces. The catchy thing about all of this is, with these reconfigurations, they’re possible without an actual, physical movement of staff. A person from across the country can be assigned to airspace without moving anywhere. Also a change between analog to VOIP is also being considered before this is to be implemented. Simply put, NVS is just the new class of communication with airborne aircraft, replacing those out of date equipment. There, of course are many benefits to the NEXTGEN. Now, the pilot would be able to choose its direction of flight, which preferably it’s a direct flight, which goes to show that it will increase performance, and not need to necessarily follow the grid in the sky that exists today. Like never before, an airplane will receive precise location and time it and another aircraft are to cross paths along their route of flight, which will allow ample time to redirect itself as necessary. Also, the same information will be accessible to those on the ground, both pilots and air traffic managers, thus making the sky a much safer place to be in. As previously stated, weather related delays and emergencies will be avoided almost all together by giving precise information to pilots and air traffic managers via improved information sharing. NEXTGEN will improve surface movements at airports, because of this; as much of a separation isn’t needed, and that allows for more aircraft into a specific area. This will allow for a better management of flow into and out of busy airspace. Like stated on several occasions above, NEXTGEN is used to increase efficiency in the air, and with every element combined we will be able to better use our busiest of airports and make sure we’re getting their potential out of them. The USA and Europe are working together in what I like to call interoperability to get each other on the same page. As of October of 2010 the US and the European Authorities have reached a preliminary agreement on the integration of their respective Air Traffic Management improvements. Co-coordinating the two is one giant step towards the standardization of ATM. The USA and the European Union will pursue such a feat through the CAO. In my opinion, the integration of the two is not only essential, but it almost needs to be required, once aircraft leave US airspace, then it’s back to the old way of communicating. With the integration of the two, planes will be able to fly across the world or at least from the US to Europe without having many variances in communication. As this paper is drawn to a close, there’s one point that I feel needs to be brought up time and time again, and that’s flight safety. NEXTGEN with the combined efforts of Euro control, our skies are going to be incrementally made more efficient and safe at the same time. The information people read across our country and vast amounts of ocean will be uniform and consistent which is very important, because it will remove any confusion which is unsafe and not effective. NEXTGEN has a very bright looking future for ATM; it’s a 12 year span that will show a great deal of improvements in many areas for aviation. Bibliography * Derber, Alex. â€Å"Europe and USA Take Step towards ATM Interoperability. † Aviation News and Aviation Jobs from Flightglobal. Web. 05 May 2011. ;http://www. flightglobal. com/articles/2010/06/24/343582/europe-and-usa-take-step-towards-atm-interoperability. html * Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"National Airspace System Voice Switch. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Jul. 2010. Web. 5 May. How to cite Air Traffic Control, Papers

The law of European Law-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss how Power Sharing in the EU Works. Answer: Treaties Under the European law, it has formed according to the rule of law. The law of EU is approved voluntarily under some treaties, which is operated by all EU member countries (Barnard and Peers 2017). The policy under the treaties does not commenced with the 6treties but the Commission of the countries can operated such policies as per the interest of the law. It describes an agreement, which is binding between EU member countries. The agreement helps to manage the EU objectives and rules for EU institutions. It helps to take the decisions and establishes a good relationship between the EU itself and its member countries. The Treaties should be formed for the applicable to the EU law where it could become more efficient and transparent. It also helps in the preparation for the new country members and introduced with the areas of the cooperation with the policies and political aspects (Kaczorowska-Ireland 2016). The EU treaties helps to understand the legal importance, adopt legislations where the member countries can able to implement. The most important treaties in EU law are: Treaty of Lisbon This treaty is signed and formed the contract on 13th December, 2007 which is applicable from 1st December 2009. The aim of the formation of the treaty is describe the formation of the EU more efficient, more democratic and helps to understand the way to deal with global problems, like climate change, with one voice. It has exercise the power, which is, belongs to EU and EU member countries. Treaty of Nice This treaty is signed on the date of 26the February 2001 and from 1st February 2003 it started to apply in between the countries. The treaty has formed for achieving the purpose to reformation of the institutions, which will help EU to function efficiently after reaching 25 member countries. Treaty of Amsterdam On the date of 2nd October the Treaty of Amsterdam is signed and applied between the countries from 1st May, 1999. The purpose of the treaty is to reformation of the EU institutions in preparation for the arrival of future member countries. Treaty on European Union - Maastricht Treaty On the date of 7th February 1992 this treaty is signed and applicable between the countries from 1st November, 1993. The treat was introduced to prepare for European Monetary Union and introduce elements of a political union, which includes common foreign, citizenship and internal affairs policy. Single European Act It was signed on 17th February 1986 and applicable between the countries from 1st July 1987. The aim of the treaty isthe reformation of the institutions in preparation for Portugal and Spain's membership and speed up decision-making in preparation for the single market. Merger Treaty - Brussels Treaty On 8th April, 1965 the Merger Treaty - Brussels Treaty and forced from 1st July, 1967. The treaty has helped in streamlining the European institutions (Kaczorowska-Ireland 2016). Treaties of Rome : EEC and EURATOM treaties On 25th March, 1957 the Treaties of Rome: EEC and EURATOM treaties was signed and applied between the countries from 1st January 1958. The treaty has formed to maintain the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC). Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community This treaty was formed on the date of 18th April 1951 and applied between the countries from 23rd July 1952. The treaty was to form to fulfill the purpose of interdependence in coal and steel industry so that one country could no longer mobilize their armed forces without others disclosing the information. Treaties should be formed for the applicable to the EU law where it could become more efficient and transparent. It also helps in the preparation for the new country members and introduced with the areas of the cooperation with the policies and political aspects (Nugent 2017) References Barnard, C. and Peers, S. eds., 2017. European union law. Oxford University Press. Beetham, D. and Lord, C., 2014. Legitimacy and the European union. Routledge. Davies, K., 2015. Understanding European Union Law. Routledge. Kaczorowska-Ireland, A., 2016. European union law. Routledge. McCormick, J., 2014. Understanding the European Union: a concise introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. Nugent, N., 2017. The government and politics of the European Union. Springer.

The Unfinished free essay sample

The Societies of the West: most arid territory contained wettest, lushest lat plains/ high mountains many people The Western Tribes: Indians- most important western population before white migration most indigineous some forced west of mississippi pattern of civilization developed 300,000 indians lived on pacific coast before arrival of spanish settlers support through fishing, foraging, simple agriculture. Peublo’s in south west established permanent settlement **plains indians** made up of many tribes/ languages farmers less vs. buffalo hunter horse bison/ beffalo provided economy flesh- food; skin- materials, used all parts plains warriors whites biggest foes mid 19th c ioux, arapaho, cheyene, -powerful alliance greatest â€Å"tribe† ecological- economic decline vulnerable to disease **indian disadvantages** 1840’s- long term battle; fall economically and industry Hispanic New Mexico: 1840’s. U. S acquired mexican residents farming/ trading 17th C more recent- cattle/ sheep ranching anglo americans established territory ignoring the 50,000 hipanics worried land would be confiscated 1847 taos indians rebelled killed new gov/ anglo american officials subdues by US army US organized gov in 1850 US broke power of tibes led to hispanic migration 1880’s-90’s railroads ew economic activity nre mexican immigration looking for work got lowest paying least stable jobs Hispanic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Unfinished or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Scaffold in Scarlet Letter Symbolism essays

Scaffold in Scarlet Letter Symbolism essays The framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus hold it up to the public gaze (9). These words help describe the ominous place known as the scaffold. Throughout the Scarlet Letter, the scaffold is a reoccurring symbol that symbolizes human nature throughout the course of the book. In addition to being a symbol of shame and guilt, the scaffold is a form of public punishment and humiliation. Furthermore, the scaffold reveals the development of the story and character involvement with the sin of adultery. The scaffold symbolizes many aspects of human nature throughout the course of the book. The scaffold symbolizes the shame and guilt of sin along with love and punishment. For example, when Hester committed adultery with Dimmesdale, the sin was committed out of love. Hester followed her human nature and heart when she committed the sin. After Hester is convicted of adultery, she is portrayed as an outcast of society. When Hester is seen on the scaffold, she hides her scarlet letter because the letter is viewed as a symbol of sin, shame, guilt, and punishment. Hesters guilt and shame are shown by the way that she stands on the scaffold. She doesnt hold herself in a high manner; however, she slouches and tries to hide from the crowd. While standing on the scaffold, Hester feels alone, isolated, and as if the world is out to get her. Thousands of emotions and thoughts run through Hesters head while she is on the scaffold. In addition to being a symbol of shame and guilt, the scaffold is a form of public punishment and humiliation. Hester is forced to stand in front of her peers and be harassed for the sin she has committed out of love. Hawthorne described how Hester felt as she headed towards the scaffold: She perchance underwent an agony from every footstep of those that thronged to see her, as if her heart had been flung into t...

Interview paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview paper - Assignment Example noted that she didn’t consider herself as a religious person, because she believed that religion and church were secondary things and her faith was the most important for her. However, she called herself Presbyterian, as she has been raised in this religion confession by her parents and just got used to identify herself with it. Presbyterian Church is one of the most numerous Protestant confessions on the territory of the United States. Alabama State, where Sarah lives with her family, is mostly inhabited by Protestants and Presbyterian Church commands a large part of protestant population of the state (Balmer & Winner 290). When we started talking about the religion itself Sarah said that there was a time when she considered changing her religion into Catholicism, because it seemed to her that a religion should bring discipline and she believed that it must have more rituals and religious traditions. However, in some time she realized that the main advantage of her religion was that it didn’t require any mediums and even didn’t require attending church in order to connect with the Lord. Presbyterian Church has two main ritual ceremonies which are the ceremony of Christianizing and the blessed ordinance (Balmer & Winner 290). Sarah was Christianized when she turned 21, as according to her church tradition, each parishioner should come to Jesus by oneself and the ceremony is supposed to symbolize start of the relationships between the Lord and a person. Thus when she was 21 years old Sarah realized that she was ready to establish these relationships and that she was absolutely sure about the fact that her faith was not going to be changed ever. Concerning the roots of her faith Sarah is considered to have very typical for Protestantism beliefs about God and His place in her life. She believes that her faith is guided by Holy Bible and that what is written there is the absolute truth. Whenever Sarah doesn’t know what to do in any situation of her life,

Should America have stronger Gun Control laws Term Paper

Should America have stronger Gun Control laws - Term Paper Example The debate seldom applies to hunter’s rights. However, outlawing handguns outright would affect hunters as well as people that simply wish to protect themselves. The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). This, as were all of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was added by the Founding Fathers so as to provide a more clear definition of the specific rights guaranteed to Americans. Gun control advocates consider the Second Amendment to be â€Å"obsolete; or is intended solely to guard against suppression of state militias by the central government and therefore restricted in scope by that intent; or does not guarantee a right that is absolute, but one that can be limited by reasonable requirements† (Krouse, 2002). However, they only question the need for people to own firearms that are not primarily designed for sporting purposes such as hunting. Obviously, the right to own arms was of supreme importance to the Founders given that it was listed second only after the freedom of religion and speech was documented in the First Amendment. The Founders knew that by ensuring the right to own arms, citizens would have the ability to protect themselves from that which might endanger their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. This could include bodily protection from persons and animals or from an oppressive government that threatened the freedoms outlined in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against tyranny by our own government and its army. The idea that government has a constitutional right to disarm the general citizenry is totally foreign to the intent of the Constitution’s framersâ₠¬  (Reynolds & Caruth III, 1992). Attempting to disarm criminals is a great plan in some fairy-tale land but is a fruitless venture in the real world. â€Å"The ratio of people who commit handgun crimes each year to handguns is 1:400; that of handgun homicides to handguns is 1:3,600. Because the ratio of handguns to handgun criminals is so high, the criminals supply would continue with barely an interruption† (Department of Commerce, 1986: 171). The prohibition of guns in an effort to diminish criminal activity is as reasonable solution in much the same way the prohibition of alcohol would diminish the occurrences of driving while intoxicated (Kopel, 1988). Gun-control advocates argue that handguns serve no purpose except to shoot people. Any hunter will tell you that this is untrue. This underscores the lack of knowledge these advocates possess concerning the activity they denounce. Handguns are bought mainly for reasons of self-defense but nearly 20 percent buy handguns to use for sport-shooting, target practice and about 15 percent buy handguns as collector’s items. Hunters regularly use handguns as a protection against snakes and to hunt game animals (Aagard, 1987: 32). Anti-Thesis The prohibition of guns in an effort to diminish criminal activity is as reasonable solution in much the same way the prohibition of alcohol would diminish the occurrences of driving while intoxicated. The concept that the easy access to firearms has an important impact on the homicide rates in this country is supported by the preponderance of the evidence.

Describe the mechanisms by which astrocytes control the neutronal Essay

Describe the mechanisms by which astrocytes control the neutronal environment and, using appropriate examples, discuss their importance for neuronal function in health and disease - Essay Example In this article, the role of astrocytes in maintaining the neuronal environment in the brain has been explored with reference to health and disease in human beings. Astrocytes are a type glial cells in the brain and the spinal cord which are star-shaped. They are also known as astrocytic glial cells. They serve many functions, the most important of which are nutrient supply to nervous tissue, biochemical support of endothelial cells which form the blood-brain barrier, maintenance of the balance of the extracellular ions and taking part in the process of repair and regeneration of the central nervous system following various injuries (Magistretti and Ransom, 2008). There re mainly 3 forms of astrocytes. They are fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes and radial astrocytes. Fibrous astrocytes are basically positioned in the white matter. They have few organelles. The cellular processes are 50-60 in number, long and unbranched (Magistretti and Ransom, 2008). When in close proximity, they physically connect the cells to the outerside of the capillary wall. The protoplasmic astrocytes are mainly found in the grey matter of the brain. In contras t to the fibrous cells, they have many organelles and have short, stubby and severely branched cellular processes. These processes are in contact with the blood vessels and also the pial surface. They also surround the neurons. The end-feet of these astrocytes cover the intraparenchymal surface completely and express glucose transporters Glu T type-1 (Magistretti and Ransom, 2008). Thus these cells predominantly function to take-up glucose. Fibrous astrocytes contain more intermediate filaments than protoplasmic astrocytes. The radial glia are mainly found in the vicinity of the ventricles. While some processes abut the piamater, other processes lie deep inside the gray mater. Some examples of radial astrocytes are Bergmann glia cells and Mueller cells of the retina.

Examining The 1974 Guildford Pub Bombings Criminology Essay

Examining The 1974 Guildford Pub Bombings Criminology Essay The Guildford pub bombings took place on 5th October 1974. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) has successfully detonated two bombs in two different public houses in Guildford. Those pubs were chosen due to its British Army personnel. Bombings killed four soldiers, one civilian and wounded 65 people. The Police faced massive pressure to identify and arrest PIRA bombers. Two months later, in December 1974, police arrested the Guildford Four: Gerry Conlon Paul Hill Patrick Armstrong Carole Richardson There were convicted for bombings and spend 15 years in the prison. The prosecution relied only on their confession as the main evidence. However, the Guildfords confessions were collected under pressure and by coercion. It included torture, threats against the family, 48 hours of detention, not recording the evidence supporting the witness statement and his alibi. The case was investigated again by the police and new evidence came into account. The one of detectives found a typed note from the one of interviews, which were edited, changed and deleted later on by the police during the first investigation. It can be concluded that the police manipulated with evidences to present the case as they wanted to. The Guildford Four were released in October 1989 and their conviction was quashed (Carrabine, Cox, Lee, South and Plummer 2008, Moisidis 2008, Reiner 2000, Rozenberg 1994, Savage and Milne 2007 and Whitton 1998). The role of criminal investigation procedures in miscarriages of justice and their impact Misconduct is a broad topic and can be described as a serious breach of duty and trust. It can include violence, fraud, theft, sexual harassment, gross incompetence, distorting and destroying evidence, serious negligence, drug use and dealing, perjury and discrimination (Punch 2009). In more specific sense, misconduct of police actions can be defined and associated with breaking the internal disciplinary regulations. Due to the occupational culture, there are many available opportunities for misconduct during the criminal investigation. Police officers have to deal on the daily basis with tasks that generate aggression and violence. If they make an error in their judgment, that may lead to overreaction. The different types of misconduct include: corruption, brutality and deviance (Mollen Commission 1994 and Punch 2009). Miscarriages of justice in most of the cases are linked and identified with wrongful convictions (Savage and Milne 2007). They occur when the innocent person has been convicted for the crime that he/she did not commit, the correct verdict has not been said, as there was a denial of the truth (Kyle 2004 and Nobles and Schiff 2000). The main types of miscarriages of justice include: Fabrication of evidence, Allegation of intimidation and violence during interrogation, Unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, Unreliable expert evidence, Unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspect, Non-disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, The conduct of the trial, Problems associated with appeals procedures (Savage and Milne 2007 and Rothlein 2008). From the other hand, miscarriages of justice ware in most cases associated with Irish terrorism in the 1970s (Mullin 1990). In that time, police officers would see it as a moral duty for miscarriage of justice to justify greater good for society (Punch 2009). That was also the timeline when cases of the Birmingham Six, the Gunros Three, the Guildford Four, the Bridgewater Four, the Maguire Seven, Judith Ward or John Joseph Boyle, came to light that pointed out miscarriages of justice to community and legal system (Reiner 2000). In the case of the Guildford Fours, the confession was taken under pressure and coercion, it was also the only one evidence that found them guilty. From the law enforcements points of view, the crucial concern and aim during the criminal investigation has been to obtain a confession from the main suspect. Traditionally, police officers tend to see the confession as the bedrock of the criminal investigation and warranty to the successful case in the court where the guilty conviction can be given (Maguire 2003 and Sanders and Young 2003). The importance of ethics and morals to criminal investigative processes Ethical policing is based on the universal expectations of approach and behaviour that administrate basics norms of human interactions with others. Ethical policing does not concentrate on morality of police officers and the institution of policing; it refers to morality that is reflected through variety of roles and different institutional purposes. Ethical policing is not directly concentrated on the morality of police officers in their private life, but it is concentrated on the way they act and react when providing police services on duty (Kleinig2009). Miscarriages of justice negatively affect the process of criminal investigation. However, the nature and role of ethics in the control of policing powers and policing process was one of the major developments in policing during the recent years (Wright 2007). The compromise between the high ethical standards and values of criminal investigation is typically labelled as the noble cause corruption statement which links closely with miscarriages of justice and the criminal investigation (Reiner 2000). Traditional corruption can be identifying as misuse of the professional position, usually abuse of the position of trust and power, which aims to achieve economic, sexual or otherwise personal gains. Noble cause corruption is more threatening type of corruption then traditional corruption, even though is less obvious. It can involve wide range of different types of police officers, both rotten apple and the golden apple. Noble cause corruption is seen as a mindset that allows to belief that the ends justify the means and for the greater good of the society. It is the ethical dilemma between the process of solving the case or the end results (Bayley 2010 and Crank and Caldero 2004). This can explain that closed mindsets and stereotypical point of view about suspects during the criminal investigation process and miscarriages of justice are closely linked (Savage and Milne 2007). In some extreme cases it is possible to see police officers who act and became as a full-time criminal due to their unethical and misconduct of actions (Leuci 2004). Corruption in policing happens when police officers care too much about their work and they become emotionally involved in process of taking bad guys of the streets. Their judgments becoming subjective based on their emotions. They believe that their inappropriate action will be justified with the positive and successful outcome (Crank and Caldero 2004). Miscarriages of justice are base on doubtful convictions, but the other area of miscarriage of justice in relation to criminal investigation closure plays important role problematic actions, that lead to the miscarriage of justice at the first place (Savage and Milne 2007). In case of the Guildford Four it was fabrication of evidence about suspects innocence and his alibi to arrest and charge others. They also experienced intimidation, torture, threats about their family and providing fabricated confession from the witness. Actions of the police officers aimed at putting in prison people responsible for the death of 5 and wounding of 65, but it should not be done through all available costs. It is necessary to mention, that no matter how appealing and tempting, it is always against the law to break the rules for greater good. The opposite way of thinking would be expose the abuse of the position of authority and power, it would also undermine the trust and also affect public freedom and liberty (Rothlein 2008 and Savage and Milne 2007). The importance of the professionalization of criminal investigations Police professionalization can be defined as the process by which policing actions became a profession. Police professionalization can be described by following characteristics: It is an organised body of knowledge that is frequently improved, Involved a prolonged training, Offers the best service to its clients, Functions originally and controls its members, Creates its community of followers through professional requirements, Inflicts a compulsory code of ethics and behaviours, Provides universal standards of practice, Provides full professionalism (Lanyon 2009). Policing professionalization will only be successful if its primary function will be knowledge, rather than functioning as political, organizational and economic agency. It means that the higher education and continuous development is another way of training the officers. However, counter-argument for police professionalization is that the background and the nature of policing require officers to deal with dirty jobs that involve a physical dimension. It would be more useful to have muscular and brave officers, rather than educated and brainy officers (Lanyon 2009 and Stelfox 2008). The organised body of knowledge must provide training and evidence-based research based on integrated proficiency supported by the practice amongst police officer (National Centre for Policing Excellence 2005). The role of police is complex and diverse, but never motionless and inactive. Also if police will not be able to deal with complex and intellectually challenging characteristics of policing, then they will have to face routine and ordinary side of the police occupation (Lanyon 2009, Stelfox 2007 and Stelfox 2008). The connection between miscarriages of justice and reforms of professionalization practices are direct. The main examples include: Protection for person under interview (Fisher 1977 and Zander 1995), Right to communicate with a solicitor (Fisher 1977), The recording of the interview with suspect (Sekar 1997), The fair treatment of young people and mental disordered people (Fisher 1977). The protection for people when interviewing will prevent police officers from using force and coercion, threats and/or torture to receive statement. This and the right to communicate with a solicitor were the main concerns of Philips Commission and are fully covered by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The recording of the interview with a suspect is also the central element of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In 2005 the Association of Chief Police Officers launched Police Reform Act 2002, which included programme on the Professionalizing the Investigative Process (PIP). PIPs aim was to develop the investigative process through training, improvement and development of police officers who are engaged in the criminal investigation process (National Centre for Policing Excellence 2005). The role of the state with regards to criminal investigation The role of the state is extremely important when comes to the criminal investigation process. The Act of Parliament controls and regulates police powers in England and Wales to combat crime and provided codes of practice, was created in 1984, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. PACE is mainly concentrated on: The police powers to search an individual, premises or a vehicle without making an arrest first, Need to make a record of a stop or encounter, Powers to gain entry to those premises, The handling of objects seizes form those searches, The treatment of suspects in custody, Handling of detention, interviewing the suspect, recording the interview, identification of people in relation to investigative offences, keeping of accurate and reliable criminal records, powers of arrest, Terrorist situation, The specific legislation covering the conduct of criminal investigation is contains in the Criminal Procedures and Investigative Act 1996 (Home Office 2010, Kyle 2004, Sekar 1997 and Zander 1995). In conclusion, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 aims to create the balance between police powers in England and Wales and rights of the members of the public. The supervision, management and investigation of normal criminal investigation and that of a critical incident Critical incident can be described as any event in which usefulness and efficiency of the policing reaction is expected to have important and major result on the self-confidence of the victim, victims family and the community. The main focus on critical incidents was created by the Stephan Lawrence Inquiry. However critical incidents were part of policing and criminal investigation since its beginning. Also it is necessary to improve and maintain stability and trust in policing in those cases, as public distinguish police intentions through action, response and priorities (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). The main three characteristics of the critical incident are: Fast-time pressure to resolve the case, partial information about the incident, Quickly changing state of incident. Those problematic characteristics make critical incidents serious, tricky and difficult to manage. It involves an understanding of the problem and complication of the incident. The decisions are mostly taken under pressure in doubtful, undecided and unproven surrounding. Managing of critical incidents can be unhelpfully affected by: Failure of the communication with the victim, Collapse of communication with family and community, Lack of appropriate communication with other officers, Real or perceived policing, Mistakes with carrying out the investigation (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). To avoid failure during investigating a critical incident, it is necessary to follow earlier prepared plan: It may include creation of operational issues to set up minimum standards of control, Creation of groups based on management structures to deal with different problems at the same time and look at the previous findings from the different point of view, Offer an advice to the family or a victim by family liaison officers as the reinsurance about police actions, response and priorities, Look at the different events can be experienced by different communities, Keep records and justification of any decisions and changes made during the conflict incident, Debrief offices about current situation and progress of the incident (Alison and Crego 2008 and Grieve 2008). In the other words, the critical incident can have terrible, catastrophic and tragic consequences for police, victim or victims family and community if was handled badly (Newburn, Williamson and Wright 2007). Management and supervision during the normal, low-profile case differs from the critical incidents style. Criminal investigation management can be divided into different way of managing and supervision of the incident (Harfield, 2008). Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) is express through theory in The National Intelligence Model (NIM). This style of management is used to establish which crimes should be investigated and by whom or other more appropriate interventions. The ILP transmit NIM to investigate the main perception of informing holistic, by taking no notice of volume crime performance. The Statutory Framework of Investigative Powers includes pre-arrest and post-arrest investigation actions towards the normal incident. Both of those actions are protected by Human Rights from misuse of state powers and support of investigatory decisions. Managing Evidence involves citizens cooperation and use of coercive powers to collect relevant material. Management of Key Resources is closely linked with managing of evidence and securing the evidence. Key resources can be collected from staff (e.g. forensic scientist, pathologists or behavioural psychologist) and can include use of different skills (e.g. interview skills, detective skills or house-to-house inquire). Management and supervision of key resources will include taking a statement, reading a statement, searching the crime scene, interviewing the suspect and victim (Harfield, 2008). References: Alison, L. and Crego, J. (2008) Policing Critical Incidents: Leadership and Critical Incident Management, Willan Publishing Bayley, B. (2010) Noble cause corruption: Do the ends justify the means?, http://www.policeone.com/chiefs-sheriffs/articles/2003646-Noble-cause-corruption-Do-the-ends-justify-the-means (accessed on 08/11/2010) Caldero, M. A. and Crank, J. P (2004) Police Ethics: The Corruption of Noble Cause, Anderson Publication Carrabine, E, Cox, P, Lee, M, South, N. and Plummer, K. (2008) Criminology: A Sociological Introduction, Second Edition, Routledge Fisher, sir H. (1977) The Conflict Case: Report, London: HMSO Grieve, J. (2008) Critical Incidents in Newburn, T. And Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Harfield, C. (2008) Criminal Investigation in Newburn, T. and Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Home Office (2010) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and accompanying codes of practice, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/police/powers/pace-codes (accessed on 08/11/2010) Kleing, J. (2009) Ethical Policing in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Kyle, D. (2004) Correcting Miscarriages of Justice: The role of the Criminal Cases Review Commission, Drake Law Review, Volume 52 Lanyon, I. (2009) Professionalization in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Leuci, R. (2004) All the Centurions, New York: Harper Collins Maguire, M. (2003) Criminal Investigation and Crime Control in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Policing, Willan Publishing Moisidis, C. (2008) Criminal Discovery: From truth to proof and back again, Institute of Criminology Press Mollen Commission (1994) The City of New York of Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department, New York: City of New York Mullin, C. (1990) Error of Judgment: The truth about the Birmingham bombings, Dublin: Poolbeg National Centre for Policing Excellence (2005) Practice Advice on Core Investigative Doctrine, Wyboston: NCPE Newburn, T, Williamson, T. and Wright, A. (Eds.) (2007) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Nobles, R. and Schiff, D. (2000) Understanding Miscarriages of Justice: Law, the media and the inevitability of a crisis, Oxford: Oxford University Press OPSI (2006) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554ActiveTextDocId=1871558 (accessed on 08/11/2010) Punch, M. (2009) Misconduct in Wakefield, A, and Fleming, J. The Sage Dictionary of Policing, Sage Reiner, R. (2000) The Politics of the Police, 3rd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press Rothlein, S. (2008) Noble Cause Corruption, Public Agency Training Council Rozenberg, J. (1994) The Search for Justice, London: Sceptre Sanders, A. and Young, R. (2003) Police Powers in Newburn, T. (Eds.) The Handbook of Policing, Willan Publishing Savage, S. P. and Milne, B. (2007) Miscarriages of Justice in Newburn, T, Williamson, T. and Wright, A. (Eds.) (2007) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Sekar, S. (1997) Fitted In: The Cardiff Three and the Lynette White Inquiry, London: The Fitted in Project Stelfox, P. (2007) Professionalising investigative process, in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Stelfox, P. (2008) Professionalization in Newburn, T. and Neyround, P. (eds.) Dictionary of Policing, Willan Publishing Whitton, E. (1998) The Cartel: Lawyer and their nine magic tricks, Tower Books Wright, A. (2007) in Newburn, T, Williamson, T. And Wright, A. (Eds.) The Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing Zander, M. (1995) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, 3rd edition, London: HMSO

Technology Trends and Issues :: essays research papers fc

Defining Technological Literacy Given the current state of technology, a researcher should have little difficulty in finding relevant definitions that embody a spirited understanding of underlying technical and societal interactions that craft a view of the technically literate person. As an exercise, extracting the common elements from various experts’ definitions of technological literacy should result in a generalized perspective that would provide a foundation supporting further literacy definitions for aspects of technology such as computers or genetics. However, this is easier than it sounds. As Gagel (1997) confirms, â€Å"defining technological literacy has proven to be an unexpectedly complex and difficult task†. The difficulty in defining technological literacy is exposed by a number of factors. One factor relates to understanding perspective and determining whether the term is best defined by putting the emphasis on â€Å"technology† or â€Å"literacy† or whether the subject is best approached laterally. Indeed, Gagel describes the technological literacy from a technology perspective as opposed to defining literacy and then establishing parameters supporting technological literacy. Perhaps this approach contributed to the author’s difficulty in defining the term. As technology is so diverse and crosses many boundaries, perhaps the definition of technological literacy should do likewise, and not be restricted to either a â€Å"technology† or â€Å"literacy† perspective. Another factor contributing to the difficulty in defining technological literacy involves the improperly weighting of computer influence on the term’s definition. In a speech given by former President, Bill Clinton, this misunderstanding is propagated further. He states, â€Å"Today, technological literacy – computer skills and the ability to use computers and other technology to improve learning, productivity and performance – is a new basic that our students must master. â€Å" (Clinton, n.d.) Clearly, this mindset is remiss and precludes the contribution of myriad other technologies affecting our daily lives. According to Harrison, â€Å"Computer literacy is but a subset of technological literacy, but if this mindset is not encouraged, then the richness of technological literacy will not be passed on to next generations. As technologists, we have the daunting task of reversing this rapidly flowing river.† (Harrison, 2000) So, the question is how to define â€Å"technological literacy† without being trapped in too narrow a perspective and without utilizing a specific technology to add meaning to the term. It is important that society controls technology for it to serve us purposefully in our daily lives and lifestyle in general. For us to control technology, an understanding and knowledge is required to allow us to make informative decisions on how it will affect our lives.

Texts in Time Essay Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix

Texts in their Time essay A text is a mirror for the concerns of a time and place. Orwell’s â€Å"1984†and the Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† can be viewed as a mirror into the concerns of a time and place. â€Å"1984† depicts how a hierarchical world tyranny is set up, how it stays in power, how it treats people and what life is like living under such a system. The â€Å"matrix† is also a representation of how the world as ‘we’ know it can be manipulated into the unknown or changed to suit the ideology of one higher power.The matrix is also seen as a situation that the majority of human kind cannot relate to; it is a scenario that is not only out of their control but a scenario that the average human cannot comprehend it goes beyond a control system that the average human brain cannot relate to. The matrix brings forward concepts that do not play to everyday life. Orwell vision of 1984 was shaped by his experiences though out his time as a volunteer in the Spanish civil war and upon returning to Britain post-war when the country was a place of shortages and rationing.Orwell struggled against fascism, but was intent on destroying its anarchist and Trotskyist allies. The defeat of fascism involved the success of and the emergence of the USSR as a great power. Orwell was deeply concerned about this fact. Orwell remained a believer in the fundamental goodness of the â€Å"common people†, the workers or â€Å"proles†. Due to Orwell’s personal circumstances, his fading life expectancy from tuberculosis may have influenced the bleak creation of the world that is â€Å"1984†. â€Å"1984† is a text which depicts the story of Winston smith who is a common man or a member of the outer party in the hierarchy of the ‘big brother’ system.The â€Å"1984† world is a totalitarian society where the party or big brother tries to control everything, including thought a nd emotion. Big brother is a dictator ship which controls every movement in society through constant surveillance and harsh penalties for noncompliance such as torcher or death. Big Brother is the face of the party; the party is the very dedicated dictator ship which has complete control over Oceania during the war with Eastasia and Eurasia. Big brothers slogans are repetitive and contradictory; WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.Newspeak is the official language of Oceania which had been created to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc. Ingsoc created newspeak to eventually fade out free thought, with newspeak no man or woman could commit thought crime and no person would be able to attempt to break up the party that is big brother. All words are groupings in newspeak. All concepts of liberty and equality, for instance, are all contained in the single word of ‘crimethink’, while all words grouping themselves round the concepts of objectivity and rationalism were contained in the single word of ‘oldthink’.The Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† is a post-modern text which was filmed in 1999. The matrix is part of the I. T. revolution created to depict the perfect world. The matrix is about a computer hacker ‘Neo’ who is forced into the realisation of the matrix, the matrix was created to imprison you in the massive artificial intelligence system which has tapped into people’s minds and created the illusion of a real world, while using their brains and bodies for energy.Morpheus is convinced neo is the is â€Å"the one† who can destroy the matrix and bring his people to both physical and psychological freedom. The matrix can be described as a window into the reality of the spiritual world where as humans cannot understand yet we make assumptions about a higher power this can be linked with Orwell’s 1984 with the concept of ‘big brother’ with the matrix is described as an illusion of the physical world which can be controlled through the thought of neo as he is â€Å"the one†.In the matrix and Orwell’s 1984 the futures depicted are similar yet vastly different, the matrix depicts the future as a horrible emotionless place which has very little hope for humanity, whereas Orwell’s 1984 the future still has a bleak outline but through manipulation of the language the people have no idea how to realise that their future is bleak and or domed where as if the party was to diminish the people due to the fascist ways of big brother normal society would not be able to function as the big brother system had desterilised common knowledge of life without I higher power.To conclude I believe that Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix have been a great comparative study.

Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity

â€Å"The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.†1 Therefore, it makes sense that if mortals cannot bear the darkness, they [should not] not go there. If man dislikes â€Å"black night and yawning chasms,†2 then should he not even consider them? Shouldn’t man seek out the sunshine, instead? The remedy is very simple: Avoid the darkness and seek the light. But, no. Mankind would never submit to this. He will immediately turn to the darkness. Drawn by his own cords of fear and longing, man will imagine that he is tired of the light and his small, familiar world.3 â€Å"No amount of rationalization... or Freudian analysis† can overcome â€Å"the thrill of the chimney-corner whisper or the lonely wood.†4 Why? Children will always be afraid of the dark and men will always shudder at what they do not understand, yet everyone will continue to seek it.5 Perhaps it is because society, particularly American society because of its history, believes the final horrors are ghosts and demons, when truly it is the hidden aspects of its own soul.6 As reflected by its literature, American society has always held a deep fascination with the supernatural. Evidence of this is seen throughout American history, from the Puritan era onward. In modern society, one would think that there isn’t any place for fantasy and superstitions, but the United States is full of people who are convinced that psychics can predict their future, they have ghosts living in their houses, aliens visit the Earth in flying saucers, and even that they can talk to the dead.7 People believe in the supernatural because they want to believe, because it makes them happy, even if those beliefs exist against logic or opposing evidence.8 In Detroit, â€Å"ghost-busting is back big time,† with â€Å"at least five ‘ghost hunting’ clubs† springing up in the metro area.9 The Great ... Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity â€Å"The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.†1 Therefore, it makes sense that if mortals cannot bear the darkness, they [should not] not go there. If man dislikes â€Å"black night and yawning chasms,†2 then should he not even consider them? Shouldn’t man seek out the sunshine, instead? The remedy is very simple: Avoid the darkness and seek the light. But, no. Mankind would never submit to this. He will immediately turn to the darkness. Drawn by his own cords of fear and longing, man will imagine that he is tired of the light and his small, familiar world.3 â€Å"No amount of rationalization... or Freudian analysis† can overcome â€Å"the thrill of the chimney-corner whisper or the lonely wood.†4 Why? Children will always be afraid of the dark and men will always shudder at what they do not understand, yet everyone will continue to seek it.5 Perhaps it is because society, particularly American society because of its history, believes the final horrors are ghosts and demons, when truly it is the hidden aspects of its own soul.6 As reflected by its literature, American society has always held a deep fascination with the supernatural. Evidence of this is seen throughout American history, from the Puritan era onward. In modern society, one would think that there isn’t any place for fantasy and superstitions, but the United States is full of people who are convinced that psychics can predict their future, they have ghosts living in their houses, aliens visit the Earth in flying saucers, and even that they can talk to the dead.7 People believe in the supernatural because they want to believe, because it makes them happy, even if those beliefs exist against logic or opposing evidence.8 In Detroit, â€Å"ghost-busting is back big time,† with â€Å"at least five ‘ghost hunting’ clubs† springing up in the metro area.9 The Great ...

Historical Summary - The War of 1812 essays

Historical Summary - The War of 1812 essays The direct causes of the War of 1812 were a group of economic restrictions placed on America by Britain and France. These restrictions were part of the Napoleonic Wars and American fury at the British practice of impressment, the practice of stopping American vessels and forcing American sailors to work on British ships, especially after the Chesapeake incident in 1807. In 1806, the British wrote up the Orders of Council that damaged American trade. This made the U.S., under Jefferson, to attempt several disciplinary prohibitions. However, these prohibitions hurt the U.S. much more than they hurt Britain and this angered many American people and provided support to the War Hawks of Congress such as Henry Clay. Then, in 1812, Congress declared war against the British. The war started with an attack on Canada. This attack was a plan to gain land and to stop British supply lines to Tecumsehs Indian confederation, which had troubled America for quite some time. The War Hawks had hoped that the first battles in Canada would be fairly easy yet he was not so fortunate. The inexperienced soldiers were pushed back very quickly and had to rethink their plans. Actually, there was a large chance that a serious northern-front invasion of the U.S. if America hadnt been victorious at Lake Erie and Lake Champlain. General William Henry Harrison and his forces killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames in 1813 while fighting another important battle against the British General Isaac Brook and his small force. British troops landed in the Chesapeake Bay area and marched towards Washington in 1814. The U.S. attempted to stop the British invasion when U.S. General William Winder attacked the British General Robert Ross at Bladensburg. Unfortunately, U.S. forces were badly routed and the British reached Washington. The troops burned down the capitol, the Presidents House, and much more of the suburban areas in Washington. The Bri...

Giorgio Armani Fashion Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Giorgio Armani Fashion Brand - Essay Example The Company has been named after the designer, Giorgio Armani who happens to be its founder. The success gained by Armani since its establishment in 1975 reflects in the fact that in only about 3.5 decades, the Company has over 300 stores in 36 different countries of the world with a net worth of more than 3 billion Euros (Blue X Clothing, 2011). Despite the fact that Armani accessories are extremely popular among the elite, it has little customers from the lower and lower-middle class background. This paper aims at identifying a trend employing which, Armani can increase the sale of its accessories among the people from lower and lower-middle class background. An understanding of the Armani’s Brand Values and Image: The weight of brand values maintained by Armani can be estimated from the fact that they are based on the innovative designs and charismatic persona of the founder of Armani and Giorgio Armani has been recently entitled as the â€Å"most successful designer† of the world (Blue X Clothing, 2011). ... ope, Frank Martell made a speech in which he expressed his views about the brand value of Armani in these words: Giorgio Armani and Gucci topped ACNielsen’s Global ‘Most Coveted Fashion Brands’ ranking by scoring consistently high responses from online consumers in every part of the world - a remarkable testament to the power and universal appeal of these two luxury fashion brands †¦ Regardless of where they live, when consumers in Italy, China or UAE purchase a Gucci bag or a Giorgio Armani suit they are prepared to pay a premium because they are buying the image the brand represents. In Armani’s case, consumers know they are getting quality, sophistication and style – timeless values with global appeal. (Frank Martell cited in ACNielsen, 2006). The Armani Brand covers a total of five lines of luxury clothing with their own unique accessories including watches and colognes. The main collection of this Brand is the signature Giorgio Armani line which produces accessories for people aged between 35 and 50 years. Armani is the most profligate brand with respect to cost. It primarily caters for the needs of those people that want to buy gowns and outfits like the ones worn by the artists and celebrities of Hollywood when they walk on the red carpet. The largest of all Armani lines is Emporio Armani which produces accessories for young professionals that are somewhere from 25 to 35 years of age. Of all the lines of Armani, this one is the most popular among Armani’s clients. Accessories from the Emporio Armani line are accessible both online and at high end department stores. Needs of the high end clients are addressed by the Armani Collezioni. It includes such accessories as slim fitting outfits and handmade jumpers which are sold in extravagant Armani

Anti Slavery Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anti Slavery Movement - Essay Example Anti slavery movement 1800s serves as a turning point in the history of United States, which not only paved the way towards the introduction and implication of social justice and equality in various parts of the country, but also played the powerful and most formidable role in respect of decreasing and discouraging the ethnic, racial, regional and religious inequity and discrimination that had been in vogue for the last several decades, and was responsible for creating bias and prejudice within the entire social establishment at large. Though the statutes of Declaration of Independence as well as the US constitution, as drafted in 1776 and 1787 respectively in Philadelphia, provided equal status to all American subjects without discrimination, yet the black racial group and Red Indians had to undergo prejudiced behavior and hatred from the members of White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASP). It was particularly the case with the African Americans, who had been brought in America as capti ve to lead the life of slaves in the service of the white population. The black slave people used to be tortured, humiliated and abhorred, and were kept deprived of all civil rights and privileges attributed to the free men. Consequently, they started launching a campaign against slavery by establishing the New York City Manumission Society in 1785, and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1789 in order to raise their voice from these respective platforms. Thus, the struggle for abolition of slavery had started side by side the drafting of constitution by the last two decades of eighteenth century. Somehow, the afore-mentioned societies had been working at regional scale, without the national command altogether. His being an open oppose of slavery, and supporter of freedom of the slaves, people had maintained high hopes in the person of third US President Thomas Jefferson. However, he had kept several slaves in his service, so he did not take any important step for the abolition of slavery (Applebaum 318). However, it was during his era when New Jersey state introduced abolition of slavery for the children of the slaves in 1804 (Higginbotham 309-10). Consequently, slave trade was also banned within the country in 1808 in the wake of the division of the country into slave and free states. Since such a division was extremely jeopardizing one for the national unity and harmony, the necessary steps were taken to ensure the trade and trafficking of slavery all over the USA. Moreover, Captain Cuffe also launched an unsuccessful campaign in favor of the absolute eradication of slavery in 1815, though it ended in fiasco after his death in 1817 (Thomas 19). Similarly, a dauntless American Caribbean Denmark Vesey united the African slaves under one platform, and made a revolt by raising pikes heads, bayonets, and daggers. It increased tension in South Carolina and several blacks were arrested. Somehow, the whites acknowledged that the slavery would have no space in the country anymore. Since most of the slaves states belonged to the northern part of the country, there was an urgent need for the introduction of reforms in those areas. Consequently, the northern states recommended the gradual ban on slavery by early 1830s in order to seek its complete abolition within few decades. Actually, the slaves had been deployed in cotton ginning and other agricultural fields and industrial units, their immediate freedom could create serious labor vacuum, as well as possible setback for the national economy. It is therefore some of the politicians, predominantly Henry Clay and others, advocated and launched campaign during 1830s regarding the return of the African Americans to their native lands i.e. Africa (Nye & Morpurgo 208-09). However, New York state completely banned slavery in 1828 within its jurisdiction. Another important black leader Frederick Douglas launched one of the most effective anti-slavery movement in the wake of attending a

Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Assignment - Essay Example Our superior staff and workforce, however, have been able to contribute to our steady growth despite overall industry patterns. Our current expansion plans include adding a sizable number of professional, high-tech jobs requiring the skills that you possess. As a former employee, you would have a distinct advantage as a valuable addition to our staff. Many companies are reluctant to rehire their former employees, and EDS has carefully considered the effects of this course of action. We believe strongly that the events that led us to make this offer were the inevitable result of unforeseen business forces. EDS admires your sense of individuality and in no way feels that it reflects on your loyalty or commitment as a business professional. While we can not guarantee that a position will be available for you, or that you would return to your original title, we are open to discussing your future with EDS. I would like to say that we appreciate your past performance and hard work at EDS and sincerely hope that you would consider continuing our positive relationship. I'm confident that as EDS continues to innovate and expand, you could make an important contribution to the future performance and progress of EDS. Again, I would like to say that you have the background and knowledge we are seeking to move EDS forward into the future.

Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhammad 1 2 Mudasar Ghafoor, 3Hafiz Kashif Iqbal, 4Qasim Ali, 4Hira Hunbal, 4Muhammad Noman and 4Bilal Ahmad 1Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dean Economics and Management Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2School of Business, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom 3School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan 4Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Submitted: Apr 27, 2013; Accepted: Jun 3, 2013; Published: Jun 20, 2013 Abstract: Brand image and advertisement play a crucial role to boost up any business performance as brand image is an implied tool which can positively change people’s buying behaviors and advertisement is behaving as a driving force for any business as it’s an effective source to convey your message and stay in customer’s mind. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior in the general public at Gujranwala city. Questionnaire survey was used to collect the data by using non probability convenient sampling technique. A sample of 200 questionnaires was used in which 175 responses were collected within the period of one month. Findings show that brand image and advertisement have strong positive influence and significant relationship with Consumer buying behavior. People perceive the brand image with positive attitude. Study depicted that teenagers in Gujranwala are more conscious about their social status so they prefer branded products and advertisement affects their Consumer Buying Behavior positively. In the last of article limitations of research, implications and suggestions for further research also included. Key words: Brand image Advertisement Consumer Buying Behavior INTRODUCTION can build long term profitable relations with customers. People in our society are so conscious about their any business can positively affect the behaviors of status and they prefer to use branded products to show people regarding brand image, satisfaction and loyalty. off their status symbol. Brand is considered as implied At present time in global and emerging markets device through which any business can attain the business war is not only on price but customer attraction, attraction of people and can enjoy the competitive edge. loyalty and relationship matters a lot. Companies are so In our local scenario it also considered as a valuable asset conscious about their customer’s satisfaction. for any business as it can change peoples’ buying Advertisement plays a crucial role for any business to behavior. It can play a vital role to expand any business. boost up its performance graph as it is a powerful strategy Brand image development is a long term process and it to attract your customers toward your product. In can prove a strong weapon to fight with your competitors. Pakistan advertisement also becoming a driving force for Customers rely on branded products and mostly prefer to any business because it can force people to change their buy products with well known brand name. Marketing behavior regarding your product in positive sense. valuable strategies and tools can develop the brand of Advertisement is a dominant and leading weapon in all any product. If brand is managed in effective ways, a marketing tools due to its positive impact on consumers’ business can enjoy maximum number of customers and buying behavior. It’s an effective way to communicate Refine quality of products and social

Chivalry??. . . . . . . . . Today?? :: essays research papers

Chivalry is usually known as a moral system or an honor code. It originated in the 12th century when kings ruled the country, as a code to make peace. Now there is no king or queen monarchy, now there’s that wonderful thing that we call the Government. If you were to ask me if chivalry existed today I’d have to say that there are some examples, but there sure aren’t as many as there used to be. Back in the time when King Arthur ruled a lot of the people were loyal to their king and their country. Now our wonderful crime, racism, and hate conquer all systems. Some ways that you might be able to say that chivalry still is around is perhaps clubs, such as, basketball teams or baseball teams. The teams as well as the fans have great loyalty to their team. The fans will wait outside for days to get tickets for the big game. People pay to see fights on Pay-Per-View. And if you ever go to a Hawks game I’ll guarantee you that their fans will â€Å"tell off† anyone that is saying anything bad about their beloved team!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also another way that you would see chivalry today is in corporate businesses. For example, I work or 21st Century Telecom Inc. I do Technical Support. Anything that goes wrong with your Internet access or your e-mail devices, will be fixed by me. We are in a very corporate area, State and VanBuren, and when we have meetings about things that no one can tell the media, or other companies, such as mergers or special events. It seems that no one ever says anything negative. We are very dedicated to our job and sometimes you will catch one of our Administrators sleeping here over-night. Now if that isn’t dedication to your job, I don’t know what is!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way that you could find chivalry today would be all the Unions. Chicago Unions have plenty of hard working men and women in all sorts of trades. They are very loyal and proud (most of them!) of their work that they have done. Then you get the people that just want their paycheck. Those are the types that really don’t show much loyalty or contribute much to their job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some ways that you could say that there is not really chivalry in today’s society is the slowly disintegrating church.

“White Man’s Burden” Essay -- Literary Analysis

Rudyard Kipling’s 1899 poem â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† epitomizes the European man’s view on imperialism, Euro-centrism and social Darwinism. Four centuries before 1899, such ideas were briefly hinted in the letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, however by 1899 these attitudes strengthened and developed fully into their complete meaning. The U.S and Europe’s imperialism in the nineteenth century were the most influential ever in the history of human civilization. The immense motive for imperialism came from social factors including religion and Social Darwinism. Missionaries frequently rushed to Africa and Asia to convert its people to Christianity. On the other hand, social Darwinism argued the survival of the fittest- applying science to racism, which fed ideas of European racial superiority. After landing on the African continent, Europeans felt they had a duty to civilize Africa, which is explicitly indicated by â€Å"The White Man’s Burden.† When white men invaded countries in Africa, they saw a new group of people who wore very little clothing and lived in simple buildings. This gave the Europeans the idea and need to help these people become more developed and evolve socially (Bentley and Ziegler 912). Rudyard Kipling’s "The White Man's Burden" encouraged the United States to impose colonial rule in the Philippines. Stanzas like â€Å"To wait in heavy harness,†¨ On fluttered folk and wild – Your new-caught, sullen peoples, †¨Half-devil and half-child†, indicates that Kipling believed main taining oversea colonies was a burden for the colonial empire because the empire was responsible for the inferior people. His reference to Filipinos as being both half devil and half child explicitly means that new ca... ...entley, J. H., Ziegler, H. F. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. Vol II – From 1500 to the Present. Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, 2007. 2. Reilly, K. Worlds of History: A Comparative Reader. Third Edition. Bedford / St. Martin’s, 2007. 3. â€Å"Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815).† History of War. 2000. Dugdale-Pointont. 27 April, 2008 . 4. â€Å"Convention Revising the General Act of Berlin, February 26,1885, and the General Act and Declaration of Brussels, July 2,1890.† American Journal of International Law. 1921, 15(4), 314-321. 5. â€Å"Social Darwinism.† Explore the World of Replicators. 2000. Think Quest. 27 April, 2008 . 6. â€Å"Age of Discovery.† HCS-OSU. 1992. OSU. 27 April 2008 .

Literary Analysis: The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay

Since its publication in 1892, The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, has generated a variety of interpretations. Originally viewed to be a ghost story, it has been regarded as gothic literature, science fiction, a statement on postpartum depression, having Victorian patriarchal attitudes and a journey into the depths of mental illness. More controversial, but curiously overlooked is the topic of the rest cure’ and whether Gilman’s associations are fact or fiction. Evidence supports Charlotte Gilman may have misrepresented the Weir Mitchell Rest Cure, and pokes more holes in The Yellow Wallpaper.† The story’s female character is suffering from â€Å"temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical(1) tendency,† and prescribed a rest cure. The treatment enforced absolute bed rest, forbade physical, mental or social activities and required total isolation from family and friends. Eventually the lack of stimulation and complete solitude only added to the desolation, and pushed her to the brink of insanity. The Yellow Wallpaper was based on Gilman’s personal experience with postpartum depression and treatment received by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, pioneer of the Rest Cure. The parallels between her experiences and those of the story are noticeable, as are implications of late nineteenth-century patriarchal and medical attitudes toward women, during that time. As a fictional story, and nothing else, The Yellow Wallpaper depicts a postpartum woman driven to psychosis by an inept doctor who is also her husband. However, as a fictional autobiography, it is read as an â€Å"indictment of the nineteenth-century medical profession and its patriarchal attitudes.† After the 1973 reissue of The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman directly criticizes Mitchell’s treatment, saying, â€Å"the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S Weir Mitchell, and convince him of the error of his ways.† She claimed his rest cure brought her â€Å"perilously near to losing [her] mind.† Mitchell’s â€Å"errors† by many accounts, far surpass his medical therapies alone. A tenacious male-chauvinist, by today’s standards, he was vehemently opposed to women voting, and strongly against higher education. He felt it got in the way of being good wives and mothers, saying â€Å"there had better be none of it.† Women’s â€Å"finest nobleness† according to Mitchell, was â€Å"to be homeful for others.†

Useful Japanese Adjectives

Useful Japanese Adjectives Here is the list of useful Japanese adjectives and their pronunciations. bigookiiÃ¥ ¤ §Ã£  Ã£ â€ž smallchiisaiÃ¥ ° Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž longnagaié• ·Ã£ â€ž shortmijikaiçŸ ­Ã£ â€ž thick, fatfutoiÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ£ â€ž slender (person)yasetaや㠁›ã Å¸ thinusuièâ€"„㠁„ widehiroiÃ¥ ºÆ'㠁„ narrowsemaiç‹ ­Ã£ â€ž heavyomoié‡ Ã£ â€ž lightkaruiè » ½Ã£ â€ž hightakaié «ËœÃ£ â€ž lowhikuiä ½Å½Ã£ â€ž fasthayai速㠁„ slow, lateosoié â€¦Ã£ â€ž many, muchooiÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã£ â€ž few, littlesukunaiÃ¥ °â€˜Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž hardkatai㠁‹ã Å¸Ã£ â€ž softyawarakaiã‚„ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€ž deepfukaiæ · ±Ã£ â€ž shallowasaiæ µâ€¦Ã£ â€ž beautifulutsukushiiç ¾Å½Ã£ â€"㠁„ uglyminikuié†Å"㠁„ prettykireina㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁„㠁 ª cutekawaii㠁‹ã‚ Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€ž cleanseiketsunaæ ¸â€¦Ã¦ ½â€Ã£  ª dirtykitanaiæ ±Å¡Ã£ â€ž fasthayai速㠁„ slowosoié â€¦Ã£ â€ž strongtsuyoiÃ¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€ž weakyowaiÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã£ â€ž calmshizukanaé â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ª brightakarui明る㠁„ darkkuraiæšâ€"㠁„ newatarashiiæâ€" °Ã£ â€"㠁„ oldfuruiÃ¥  ¤Ã£ â€ž youngwakaiè‹ ¥Ã£ â€ž hotatsui暑㠁„ coldsamuiÃ¥ ¯â€™Ã£ â€ž far, distanttooié   Ã£ â€ž nearchikaiè ¿â€˜Ã£ â€ž

Preparing for the Private School Interview

Preparing for the Private School Interview Private school interviews can be stressful. You are trying to impress the school and put your best foot forward. But, this doesnt have to be an interaction that makes you lose sleep at night. Here are some tips to make the interview go more smoothly. Research the School Beforehand ​If you really want  to attend a given school, be sure you know some basic information about the school before the interview. For example, you shouldn’t express surprise that the school doesn’t have a football team during the interview; thats the kind of information thats readily available online.  While you will find out more information on the tour and during the actual interview, be sure to read up on the school beforehand.  Make it clear that you know something about the school and are eager to attend by making such remarks as, â€Å"I know your school has an excellent music program. Can you tell me more about it?† Prepare for the Interview Practice makes perfect, and if youve never been interviewed by an adult before, this can be an intimidating experience. Its always a good idea to study potential questions they may ask you. You dont want to have scripted answers, but being comfortable talking off the cuff about given topics will be helpful.  Be sure you remember to say thank you and to shake hands with the admission officer at the end of the interview. Practice good posture and remember to make eye contact with your interviewer, too. Older students may also be expected to know about current events, so you might want to be sure that youre keeping up on whats happening in the world. Also be ready to talk about potential books, things that are happening at your current school, why youre considering a new school, and why you want that school in particular. Younger children may be asked to play with other children in the interview, so parents should be prepared to tell their child ahead of time what to expect and to follow rules for polite behavior. Dress Appropriately Find out what the school dress code is, and be sure to dress in attire that is similar to what  the students wear. Many private schools require students to wear button-down shirts, so don’t dress in a tee-shirt, which will look impolite and out-of-place on the day of the interview. If the school has a uniform, just wear something similar; you dont need to go buy a replica. Don’t Stress Out This goes for both parents and students.  Admissions staff at private schools are far too familiar with the child who is on the brink of tears on interview day because his parents have given him a bit too much advice- and stress- that morning. Parents, be sure to give your child a big hug before the interview and remind him- and yourself- that you are looking for the right school- not one you have to campaign to convince that your child is right for. Students need to remember to just be themselves. If youre the right fit for a school, then everything will come together. If not, then that just means there is a better school out there for you. When on the tour, be sure to respond to the guide politely. The tour is not the time to voice disagreement or surprise about anything you see- keep your negative thoughts to yourself. While it’s fine to ask questions, don’t make any overt value judgments about the school. Many times, tours are given by students, who may not have all the answers. Save those questions for the admission officer. Avoid Over-Coaching Private schools have become wary of students who have been coached by professionals for the interview. Applicants  should be natural and should not make up interests or talents that aren’t really innate. Don’t feign interest in reading if you haven’t picked up a pleasure reading book in years. Your insincerity will be quickly discovered and disliked by the admissions staff. Instead, you should be prepared to speak politely about what interests you- whether it’s basketball or chamber music- and then you will come across as genuine. Schools want to know the real you, not the perfectly poised version of you that you think they want to see. Common Interview Questions Here are some common questions you might be asked in private school interviews: Tell me a bit about your family? Describe the members of your family and their interests, but stay away from negative or overly personal stories. Family traditions, favorite family activities, or even vacations are great topics to share.Tell me about your interests? Do not fabricate interests; speak about your true talents and inspirations in a thoughtful and natural way.Tell me about the last book you read? Think ahead of time about some books you have read lately and what you liked or didn’t like about them. Avoid statements such as, â€Å"I didn’t like this book because it was too hard† and instead speak about the content of the books. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski